РАЗРАБОТКА ВАКЦИН НА ОСНОВЕ АДЕНОВИРУСНЫХ ВЕКТОРОВ: ОБЗОР ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ (ЧАСТЬ 1)

Резюме. Для многих инфекционных заболеваний, представляющих серьезную опасность для человека, до сих пор не разработаны эффективные способы лечения и профилактики. В настоящее время одним из наиболее действенных и доминирующих способов профилактики массовых вспышек вирусных и бактериальных инфекций является иммунизация населения с помощью вакцин. При этом массовая иммунизация способствует уменьшению количества переносчиков инфекций, что значительно снижает возможность распространения заболеваний. Новейшей разработкой, которая демонстрирует большой потенциал возможного использования, являются генно-инженерные вакцины на основе аденовирусных векторов, многие из которых уже находятся на той или иной стадии клинических испытаний. Генетическая иммунизация с использованием рекомбинантных аденовирусов основана на доставке в клетки человека только генов, кодирующих синтез необходимых антигенов, что позволяет не использовать при получении вакцин живые патогенные вирусы или бактерии, делая при этом технологию получения вакцин универсальной. При этом значительно сокращается время получения вакцинного препарата и, соответственно, разработки и создания новых вакцин, что является важным фактором при угрозе возникновения эпидемий и пандемий. Среди преимуществ аденовирусных векторов – высокая способность к проникновению в клетки человека, способность вызывать как гуморальный, так и клеточный иммунный ответ, при их введении в организм человека происходит достаточно длительная и активная наработка антигенов, безопасность в использовании, простота получения препаративных количеств вакцин. В данном обзоре мы планируем привести сведения о проводимых в настоящее время за рубежом клинических испытаниях вакцин на основе аденовирусных векторов против различных инфекционных заболеваний. Будут рассмотрены параметры отбора добровольцев, участвующих в испытаниях, схемы, используемые при вакцинации, дозы и способы введения препаратов, приведены результаты завершенных экспериментов и предварительные результаты незаконченных на данный момент исследований.

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